Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Rusyn Language shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Rusyn Language offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Rusyn Language at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Rusyn Language? Wrong! If the Rusyn Language is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Rusyn Language then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Rusyn Language? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Rusyn Language and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Rusyn Language wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Rusyn Language then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Rusyn Language site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Rusyn Language, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Rusyn Language, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
{{Infobox Language| name = Rusyn| nativename = русин
rusin| region = Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukraine)
eastern
Slovakia southern
Poland Hungary northern
Romania Vojvodina (Serbia)| speakers = Estimated: At least 600,000.
Census population: 60,000.These are numbers from national official bureaus for statistics:
Slovakia - 24,201
:( http://www.statistics.sk/webdata/english/census2001/tab/tab3a.htm )
Serbia - 15,626
:( http://www.statserb.sr.gov.yu/zip/esn31.pdf )
Ukraine - 10,100
:( http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/zakarpatia/ )
Croatia - 2,337
:( http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm )
Poland - 5,800
:( http://www.stat.gov.pl/english/ )
Hungary - 1,098
:( http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_28.html )
Czech Republic - 1,106
:( http://www.czso.cz/csu/2005edicniplan.nsf/t/D6002FD8F5/$File/kap_I_05.pdf ).
| familycolor = Indo-European| fam2 = Slavic languages| fam3 =
East Slavic languages| nation =
Vojvodina (
Serbia)] (along with
Russian language,
Belarusian language and
Ukrainian language to which it shares a common linguistic ancestry) that is spoken by the Rusyns. Opinions differ among linguists concerning whether Rusyn is a separate East Slavic language or a dialect of Ukrainian.http://lists.microlink.lv/pipermail/minelres/2000-January/000398.html The political implications of the dispute add to the controversy.
Rusyn is spoken in the Zakarpattia Oblast of
Ukraine, in northeastern Slovakia, southeastern Poland (where it is often called
łemkowski 'Lemko', from their characteristic word
lem/лєм 'only'), and Hungary (where the people and language are called
Ruten). The
Pannonian Rusyn language in
Serbia is sometimes considered part of the Rusyn language group, although some linguists consider that language to be West Slavic. In Ukraine, Rusyn is usually considered a dialect of Ukrainian, as it is very close to the
Hutsul dialect, but some speakers sometimes prefer to consider themselves distinct from Ukrainians.
Attempts to standardize the language suffer from its being divided among four countries, so that in each of these countries there has been devised a separate
orthography (in each case with Cyrillic alphabet letters) and grammatical standard, based on different Rusyn dialects. The cultural centres of Carpatho-Rusyn are Prešov in Slovakia, Uzhhorod and
Mukacheve in Ukraine,
Krynica and Legnica in Poland, and
Budapest in Hungary. Many very active Rusyns also live in
Canada and the
United States.
It is very difficult to count the speakers of Rusyn, but their number is sometimes estimated at almost a million, most of them in Ukraine and Slovakia. The first country to officially recognize Rusyn, more exactly Pannonian Rusyn language, as an official language was former
Yugoslavia. In 1995, Rusyn was recognized as a
minority language in
Slovakia, enjoying the status of official language in municipalities where more than 20% of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.
- The Rusyn language is divided as follows:
- Hutsul is spoken in the mountainous part of Suceava County and Maramures County in Romania and the extreme southern parts of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (as well as in parts of the Chernivtsi Oblast and Transcarpathian Oblast Oblasts, and on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains.
- Boyko is spoken on the northern side of the Carpathian Mountains in the Lviv Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Oblasts. It can also be heard across the border in the Subcarpathian Voivodship of Poland
- Lemko is spoken outside Ukraine in the Prešov Region of Slovakia along the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains. It was formerly spoken on the northern side of the same mountains, in what is now southeastern Poland, prior to Operation Wisła, but is being revived.
- Dolinian Rusyn or Subcarpathian Rusyn is spoken in the Transcarpathian Oblast.
- Pryashiv Rusyn is the Rusyn spoken in the Prešov Region (in Rusyn: Pryashiv/Pryashuv) of Slovakia, as well as by some émigré communities, primarily in the United States of America.
- Pannonian Rusyn is spoken in northwestern Serbia and eastern Croatia. Also called Bačka dialect, it is one of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina).
In the introduction to the book "Slavic languages," written in 1973, ten years before
glasnost,
Samuel Bernshtein writes about "western Ukrainians" and the "literary language" which they "until recently 1973" had.
Alphabet
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="text-align:left;border:1px solid #ccc; white-space:nowrap;" summary="Rusyn letters"|+ style="font-weight:bold;font-size:90%;background:#ccc;" | Letters and symbols of the Lemko Rusyn alphabet|- valign="top" style="font-size:90%;background:#ccc;"! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | Capital !! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | Small !! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | Translit. !! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | International Phonetic Alphabet !! align="left" width="20%" style="font-weight:normal" | Notes|- valign="top"| А ] || б || b || |||- valign="top"| В ] || г || h || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"| Ґ ] || д || d || |||- valign="top"| Е ] || є || je || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"| Ё ]|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"| Ж ] || з || z || |||- valign="top"| И ] || і || i || || not present in
Pannonian Rusyn language|- valign="top"| Ы ]|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ї ] || й || j || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"| К ] || л || l || |||- valign="top"|
М ] || н || n || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"| О ] || п || p || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Р ] || с || s || |||- valign="top"|
Т ] || у || u || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ф ] || х || x, ch || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ц ] || ч || č || |||- valign="top"|
Ш ] || щ || šč || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"| Ѣ ]|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ю ] || я || ja || |||- valign="top"|
Ь ] || ъ || ′ || || not present in
Pannonian Rusyn language|}
See also
Literature
- A new Slavic language is born. The Rusyn literary language in Slovakia. Ed. Paul Robert Magocsi. New York 1996.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert. Let's speak Rusyn. Бісідуйме по-руськы. Englewood 1976.
- Дуличенко, Александр Дмитриевич. Jugoslavo-Ruthenica. Роботи з рускей филолоґиї. Нови Сад 1995.
References
- Rusyn language at the World Academy of Rusyn Culture
- Ethnologue report for Rusyn
- Руска Матка (Ruska Matka), the central cultural organization of the Pannonian Rusyns
- Transliterating Rusyn into the Latin alphabet
- Taras Kuzio, " The Rusyn question in Ukraine: sorting out fact from fiction", Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XXXII (2005)
- Elaine Rusinko, "Rusinski/Ruski pisni" selected by Nataliia Dudash; "Muza spid Karpat (Zbornik poezii Rusiniv na Sloven'sku)" assembled by Anna Plishkova. Books review. "The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2. (Summer, 1998), pp. 348-350. JSTOR archive
- Marta Harasowska. "Morphophonemic Variability, Productivity, and Change: The Case of Rusyn", Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1999, ISBN 3110157616.
- Book review by Edward J. Vajda, Language, Vol. 76, No. 3. (Sep., 2000), pp. 728-729
- I. I. Pop, Paul Robert Magocsi, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture, University of Toronto Press, 2002, ISBN 0802035663
{{Infobox Language| name = Rusyn| nativename = русин
rusin| region = Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukraine)
eastern
Slovakia southern Poland
Hungary northern
Romania Vojvodina (Serbia)| speakers = Estimated: At least 600,000.
Census population: 60,000.These are numbers from national official bureaus for statistics:
Slovakia - 24,201
:( http://www.statistics.sk/webdata/english/census2001/tab/tab3a.htm )
Serbia - 15,626
:( http://www.statserb.sr.gov.yu/zip/esn31.pdf )
Ukraine - 10,100
:( http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/nationality/zakarpatia/ )
Croatia - 2,337
:( http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm )
Poland - 5,800
:( http://www.stat.gov.pl/english/ )
Hungary - 1,098
:( http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_28.html )
Czech Republic - 1,106
:( http://www.czso.cz/csu/2005edicniplan.nsf/t/D6002FD8F5/$File/kap_I_05.pdf ).
| familycolor = Indo-European| fam2 =
Slavic languages| fam3 = East Slavic languages| nation =
Vojvodina (Serbia)] (along with
Russian language,
Belarusian language and Ukrainian language to which it shares a common linguistic ancestry) that is spoken by the
Rusyns. Opinions differ among linguists concerning whether Rusyn is a separate East Slavic language or a dialect of Ukrainian.http://lists.microlink.lv/pipermail/minelres/2000-January/000398.html The political implications of the dispute add to the controversy.
Rusyn is spoken in the Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine, in northeastern
Slovakia, southeastern
Poland (where it is often called
łemkowski 'Lemko', from their characteristic word
lem/лєм 'only'), and Hungary (where the people and language are called
Ruten). The
Pannonian Rusyn language in
Serbia is sometimes considered part of the Rusyn language group, although some linguists consider that language to be West Slavic. In Ukraine, Rusyn is usually considered a dialect of Ukrainian, as it is very close to the Hutsul dialect, but some speakers sometimes prefer to consider themselves distinct from Ukrainians.
Attempts to standardize the language suffer from its being divided among four countries, so that in each of these countries there has been devised a separate
orthography (in each case with Cyrillic alphabet letters) and grammatical standard, based on different Rusyn dialects. The cultural centres of Carpatho-Rusyn are Prešov in Slovakia,
Uzhhorod and Mukacheve in Ukraine, Krynica and
Legnica in Poland, and
Budapest in Hungary. Many very active Rusyns also live in Canada and the
United States.
It is very difficult to count the speakers of Rusyn, but their number is sometimes estimated at almost a million, most of them in Ukraine and Slovakia. The first country to officially recognize Rusyn, more exactly
Pannonian Rusyn language, as an official language was former Yugoslavia. In 1995, Rusyn was recognized as a
minority language in
Slovakia, enjoying the status of official language in municipalities where more than 20% of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.
- The Rusyn language is divided as follows:
- Hutsul is spoken in the mountainous part of Suceava County and Maramures County in Romania and the extreme southern parts of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (as well as in parts of the Chernivtsi Oblast and Transcarpathian Oblast Oblasts, and on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains.
- Boyko is spoken on the northern side of the Carpathian Mountains in the Lviv Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Oblasts. It can also be heard across the border in the Subcarpathian Voivodship of Poland
- Lemko is spoken outside Ukraine in the Prešov Region of Slovakia along the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains. It was formerly spoken on the northern side of the same mountains, in what is now southeastern Poland, prior to Operation Wisła, but is being revived.
- Dolinian Rusyn or Subcarpathian Rusyn is spoken in the Transcarpathian Oblast.
- Pryashiv Rusyn is the Rusyn spoken in the Prešov Region (in Rusyn: Pryashiv/Pryashuv) of Slovakia, as well as by some émigré communities, primarily in the United States of America.
- Pannonian Rusyn is spoken in northwestern Serbia and eastern Croatia. Also called Bačka dialect, it is one of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina).
In the introduction to the book "Slavic languages," written in 1973, ten years before
glasnost, Samuel Bernshtein writes about "western Ukrainians" and the "literary language" which they "until recently 1973" had.
Alphabet
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="text-align:left;border:1px solid #ccc; white-space:nowrap;" summary="Rusyn letters"|+ style="font-weight:bold;font-size:90%;background:#ccc;" | Letters and symbols of the Lemko Rusyn alphabet|- valign="top" style="font-size:90%;background:#ccc;"! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | Capital !! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | Small !! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | Translit. !! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" |
International Phonetic Alphabet !! align="left" width="20%" style="font-weight:normal" | Notes|- valign="top"| А ] || б || b || |||- valign="top"|
В ] || г || h || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ґ ] || д || d || |||- valign="top"| Е ] || є || je || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ё ]|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ж ] || з || z || |||- valign="top"| И ] || і || i || || not present in
Pannonian Rusyn language|- valign="top"|
Ы ]|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ї ] || й || j || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
К ] || л || l || |||- valign="top"| М ] || н || n || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
О ] || п || p || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"| Р ] || с || s || |||- valign="top"| Т ] || у || u || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"| Ф ] || х || x, ch || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ц ] || ч || č || |||- valign="top"| Ш ] || щ || šč || |||- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"|
Ѣ ]|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"| Ю ] || я || ja || |||- valign="top"| Ь ] || ъ || ′ || || not present in Pannonian Rusyn language|}
See also
Literature
- A new Slavic language is born. The Rusyn literary language in Slovakia. Ed. Paul Robert Magocsi. New York 1996.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert. Let's speak Rusyn. Бісідуйме по-руськы. Englewood 1976.
- Дуличенко, Александр Дмитриевич. Jugoslavo-Ruthenica. Роботи з рускей филолоґиї. Нови Сад 1995.
References
- Rusyn language at the World Academy of Rusyn Culture
- Ethnologue report for Rusyn
- Руска Матка (Ruska Matka), the central cultural organization of the Pannonian Rusyns
- Transliterating Rusyn into the Latin alphabet
- Taras Kuzio, " The Rusyn question in Ukraine: sorting out fact from fiction", Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XXXII (2005)
- Elaine Rusinko, "Rusinski/Ruski pisni" selected by Nataliia Dudash; "Muza spid Karpat (Zbornik poezii Rusiniv na Sloven'sku)" assembled by Anna Plishkova. Books review. "The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2. (Summer, 1998), pp. 348-350. JSTOR archive
- Marta Harasowska. "Morphophonemic Variability, Productivity, and Change: The Case of Rusyn", Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1999, ISBN 3110157616.
- Book review by Edward J. Vajda, Language, Vol. 76, No. 3. (Sep., 2000), pp. 728-729
- I. I. Pop, Paul Robert Magocsi, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture, University of Toronto Press, 2002, ISBN 0802035663
Rusyn language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rusyn (русинськый язык; rusyns'kŷi iazŷk) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares a common linguistic ...
Pannonian Rusyn language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pannonian Rusyn or simply Rusyn (Ruthenian) is a Slavic language or dialect spoken in north-western Serbia and eastern Croatia (therefore also called Yugoslavo-Ruthenian, Vojvodina ...
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Rusyn definition of Rusyn in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
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Rusyn language; Recent Achievements and Present Challenges
LEMKO, Lemkivshchyna, Rusyn, Rusnaky, Rusin, Ruthenians, Boykos ..... ... Document Information. Document URL: http://lemko.org/language.html Return to Lemko Home Page
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The Rusyn Language ... LINGUIST Homepage | Read LINGUIST | Contact us. While the LINGUIST List makes ...
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Ruthenian (Rusyn/Русин) Ruthenian is an eastern Slavonic language with about 55,000 speakers in Slovakia, 21,000 in the former Yugoslavia, an estimated 30,000 in Poland and ...
Ethnologue report for language code:rue
Ethnologue and bibliography information on Rusyn. ... Reduced 25% now US$ 60. Hardcover library binding; 1,272 pages; Articles for 6,912 living languages; Index of 39,491 language ...
Carpatho-Rusyn Community :: View Forum - Language
Carpatho-Rusyn Community A friendly place for the free exchange of information and news hosted by C-RKB - contact me directly in order to register.
